Tool steels, known for their exceptional strength, wear resistance, and heat tolerance, are a class of high- carbon and alloy steels extensively utilized in the manufacturing of cutters, reamers, bits, and other tools for machining metals, plastics, and wood. These steels typically incorporate elements such as cobalt or nickel to enhance strength and high-temperature performance. Additionally, carbide-forming elements like chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, and tungsten are included in various combinations to improve hardness and wear resistance. Tool steel production primarily takes place in electric arc furnaces, where the material is melted, purified, and adjusted to the desired composition. The molten steel is then poured into ingots, cooled, and annealed to prepare it for subsequent processing. Advanced production techniques, such as powder metallurgy, are also employed for specialized applications, ensuring superior performance and material uniformity.

Key Features of Tool Steels:

1. Carbide-Forming Metals: Elements like chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium contribute to exceptional hardness and wear resistance.
2. Substitutional Solutes: Additives such as nickel and cobalt enhance strength, particularly at elevated temperatures.
3. High Carbon Content: Enables the formation of strong carbides